Unit+III

= Unit III: Chapters 11-15 =

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=The Expansion of Cotton, Slavery and Plantations in the mid-1800s= The above image shows the size of a 1,000 acre slave plantation in Alabama compared to Malden, Massachusetts. The plantation takes up a considerable amount of space if compared to the city of Malden. The plantations in the mid-1800s had become much larger compared to the early 1800s because of the increased availability of western lands and the high demand for crops such as cotton. By the mid-1800s, short-staple cotton had become one of the largest exports of the South as a result of more land from the Southwest and the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney. The Industrial Revolutions in Europe during the 1920s-1930s and in the United States during the 1840s-1850s, helped stimulate the demand for cotton. This map of cotton production in 1860 shows that many farmers had moved to the Southwest in order to pursue a career in the cotton business; some were wealthy planters from the mid-Atlantic States who decided it was more profitable to switch businesses but most of the new farmers were small farmers who had hoped to make incredible profits from cotton production.

The map to the right hows the layout of plantations during the mid-1800s and how many plantations were situated around the Mississippi River. Many of the plantations were long and narrow, allowing as many planters possible to own land near the river. The Mississippi River was a major source of trade and transportation for goods. There was also rich and fertile soil near its banks, which helped cultivate better and richer crops.

Even though the South experienced dramatic growth in its agricultural economy along with the industrial boom of the North in the mid-1800s, the region remained very much the same as it had before. The South continued to rely heavily on agriculture and the slave labor, therefore becoming even more dependent on the North and European countries. Southern society's difference from the North helped to create larger distinctions between the two regions, which would eventually bring them to a civil war.

=Social Structure in the South= media type="custom" key="9817485"

=Chapter 12 Preview=
 * Antebellum = pre-war (usually pre-Civil War in U.S. history - 30-40 years before, 1820-1860)
 * Cultural changes that were independent of Europeans
 * Indian reservations to ease conflicts with natives
 * Abolition Movement for slavery
 * 1833 American Antislavery Society formed
 * Frederick Douglass
 * Anti-abolitionists v. abolitionists
 * //Uncle Tom's Cabin//
 * Board of Education
 * Reform Movements - many led by women
 * alcohol, education, slavery, women rights, prison, medical, transcendetalists, utopia
 * Seneca Falls - Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
 * Rise of women rights groups

=Temperance Movement=
 * //Temperance = restraint, avoiding excess, moderation NOT PROHIBITION//
 * Temperance Movement = reducing consumption of alcohol

Pros of Alcohol Consumption

 * escape reality
 * feel happy
 * in moderation, can be benefitial to health
 * temporarily erases stress
 * helped alcohol market

Cons of Alcohol Consumption

 * violence
 * poor judgement
 * bad for health
 * addiction
 * problems within family - abusive relationships
 * intoxication
 * death
 * hangover
 * alcohol poisoning
 * crime
 * disorder
 * poverty



The temperance movement, along with many other movements in the Reform Era of the 1800s in the United States, were started by women. Women formed reform societies to promote social reforms which evolved into the larger reform movements. The temperance movement was an effort by women to reduce the consumption of alcohol. First of all, alcohol created a large disruption in the once peaceful environment of the families, which was of utmost priority to women at the time. Alcohol caused men to be violent towards their wives and children. Some men became alcoholics, lost their jobs, and spent all the family money buying alcohol. Women became intolerant to the effects of alcohol on men and protested for only moderate consumption of alcohol. The temperance movement helped inspire other types of reforms in areas such as education, prison, women's rights, slavery, etc.

=Reform Movements= media type="custom" key="7669593"

=Chapter 13 Maps= = Expanding Settlement, 1810-1850 (p.340) = Western Trails in 1860 (p.345) The Oregon Boundary, 1846 (p.347) Slave and Free Territories under the Compromise of 1850 (p.354)
 * By 1850, the U.S. had acquired all the land they have today, with the exception of Alaska and Hawaii. Westward expansion was driven by manifest destiny, the belief that God gave Americans the rights to expand in all the Americas, especially North America. Although the United States had claim to a vast amount of land in North America, much of the land was mostly unsettled in. The green coloring of the map shows the land originally in 1810. Most of the land of the U.S. was from the original thirteen colonies but by 1830, the U.S. had expanded south and west. In the 1840s-1850s, the United States expanded the most, driven by beliefs of manfest destiny, gold rush, and more opportunities.
 * In 1860, western United States consisted of multiple trails that aided Americans in travelling to western lands. Many of the trails reached as far as California, a result of the gold rush in the 1850s. People rushed to California in hopes of striking gold and becoming incredibly wealthy. Others took the Santa Fe Trail and the Old Spanish Trail to reach New Mexico. There, people became entrepreneurs and entered the Mexican markets. One of the major trails was the Oregon Trail which connected to many other small trails. Overall, Americans followed the western trails in hopes of becoming rich, for business/trading purposes, religious purposes (Mormon Trail - search of a place for religious freedom), and others were driven by the belief of manifest destiny.
 * The Oregon Territory became an area of dispute between Britain and the U.S. British claims reached as far south as the 42nd parallel, the southern border of present-day Oregon while Americans laid claims to land that extended into present-day Canada. Many Americans were extremists on the dispute and wanted to start a war with Britain. "54-40 or fight" became a slogan for the establishment of the 54-40 parallel as the boundary between British and U.S. A negotiation was established and the boundary was set at the 49th parallel, where it remains today.
 * popular sovereignty - idea began utah and new mexico territory
 * most unsettled land in the west were free territory and if became states would give more votes in Congress to free states
 * compromise was effort to maintain peace although the issue of slavery was clearly becoming a factor of sectionalism between the north and the south
 * clear sectionalism - inevitable war
 * california became state before the middle land because gold rush and on coast of ocean - water = important

=﻿Chapter 13 Glog= media type="custom" key="7625515"

=Importance of Geography during the Civil War=

Geography and geographical locations were extremely important in strategic ideas during the Civil War. The Mississippi River played a large factor in the North's strategies. The North had wanted to take over the river because it ran straight through the middle of the South, splitting the Confederacy in half. With the Confederacy split, it was easier to fight and contact between the two areas was more limited. New Orleans was also a location of priority for the North. New Orleans was a major trading center of the South and seizing the city would severely handicap the Confederacy and their transport of goods/weapons. Railroads influenced the travelling of armies because that was the most efficient way to transport armies/supplies. As a result, many armies on both sides came to rely on the geographical locations of the railroads to plan their strategies.

=Perspectives on the Civil War and Reconstruction=
 * Abraham Lincoln - Believed Civil War was fought in order to silence the conflict between the North and the South; goal was to settle conflict and accept South back into Union -> would have considered war a success because goal was accomplished; Was forgiving of the South and his Reconstruction plan was a way to restore the Union and quickly readmit the Southern states.
 * Andrew Johnson - Reconstruction was basically a way to restore the South to the way it was before the war, blocking blacks' rights and having white supremacy.
 * Ex-slaves - Civil war was in a way a success because slavery was abolished. On the other hand, blacks were still discriminated against by many whites.. New black codes required blacks in South to continously rely on whites through plantations. The new freedmen gained some positions in the government and took part in the consitutional conventions to rejoin the Union.
 * Planter Southerners - War was a failure because did not succeed in being recognized as a separate nation and slavery ended up being abolished (13th amendment). Reconstruction was also a blow to their ideals and hopes because blacks were given citizenship by the 14th amendment. The Civil War was considered the "Lost Cause" and southerners looked back nostalgically of the antebellum South and honored the Confederate leaders as heroes.
 * Carpetbaggers - Civil war was a success and reconstruction was a chance to start businesses in the South.
 * Scalawags - War was a failure so changed opinion on Reconstruction and supported Republican ideas.
 * Conservative Republicans - The abolition of slavery was necessary in the readmission of southern states but other than that, the other requirements were debatable.
 * Radical Republicans - Reconstruction was a way to punish the southern rebels who supported seccession and to protect new rights of blacks; it was a way to completely change the South and its white supremacy ways. Felt that Lincoln and Johnson Reconstruction plans were to lenient on the southerners and there should be strict requirements to rejoin Union.

=Abraham Lincoln Video= =Andrew Johnson Video= =Ulysses S. Grant=
 * Researched military strategy because of Civil War
 * Battle of Shiloh - great victory for Union but large casualties
 * Changed goal to end slavery because war was too much sacrafice (originally to preserve Union)
 * Southern states = rebels and as commander in chief, Lincoln passed Emancipation Proclamation to end slavery in southern states in order to stop southern war effort
 * Civil War = first war to be photographed - showed horrors and casualties of war
 * 1864 Lincoln ran for reelection, depended on northern states and opinion of war
 * General Geroge B. McClellan also ran for presidency and platform = end war and stop conflict, finally peace
 * Lincoln won because Union war effort was improving: Capture of Atlanta
 * Lee surrender to grant = ending of war
 * Views on slavery/ human equality changed - supported equal opportunities for all
 * 1865 Lincoln assassination = Johnson became president by default b/c was vice-president (1865-1869)
 * Southern Democrat but stayed w/ Union
 * Lincoln's reelection in 1864, Lincoln chose Johnson as running mate b/c wanted to show a Southerner still loyal to the Union
 * Stubborn on decisions, incredibly racist
 * While Congress was in recess, Johnson used opportunity to suggest own form of reconstruction
 * As southerner, lenient toward white southerners and quick readmission of southern states
 * discriminated against blacks
 * Congress return = Freedmen's Bureau, Johnson vetoed 29 of bills suggested by Congress on Reconstruction, believed only his reconstruction was correct and perfect, 15 overrides of president's vetoes
 * 1866 Civil Rights Bill, Tenure of Office Act - restricted president's ability to dismiss federal officer w/out Senate approval
 * 1868 voted to impeach Johnson b/c violated Tenure of Office
 * was not removed from office b/c of one single vote, elected to Senate after presidency, after impeachment stayed low profile
 * Radical Republicans wanted to get Johnson out of way
 * Won in help because of black voters, first to become president w/out majority of white votes
 * appointed friends/ family for office positions
 * Ku Klux Klan - groups terrorized blacks and tried to oppose federal government
 * 1872 peaceful year in South b/c punished terrorist groups
 * Reelection 1872 b/c popular among people - violence in South erupted
 * 1873 economic depression