Unit+I

= Unit I: Chapters 1-5 =



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The Chesapeake Region
In 1607-1750 the Chesapeake Bay region was inhabited by different groups of English colonies. The London Company (later became the Virginia Company) founded Jamestown in Virginia in 1607. The absence of families there left the colonists with no commitment to the community and no order in their domestic lives. John Smith helped lead Jamestown back to recovery in 1608 and as more people traveled to the region, disaster struck; from attacks of the Indians, to the "starving time" in the winter of 1609-1610. The discovery of tobacco cultivation by John Rolfe led to expansion into Indian territory and increased demand for African slaves in America. The Virginia Company resorted to slavery and a headright system in an effort to gain more labor and profit but in the end, the colony became royal ruled. Maryland was established for different purposes than those of Virginia. The colony was founded by Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, and Leonard Calvert (brothers) who were given proprietary rule over the colony. Their father had initially wanted the colony for real estate purposes and for a retreat to English Catholics. As a result, Maryland had a policy of religious tolerance to protect the outnumbered Catholics. Like Virginia, Maryland also adopted a headright system and had African slaves imported.



= Anne Hutchinson & The Puritans = Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan woman who proved to be a big obstacle to the established order in Massachusetts Bay. She openly challenged the clergy and claimed the ones who had not undergone a conversion experience had no right to spiritual office. Her behavior was very alarming to the Puritans because as a woman, speaking up was unusual and frowned upon. Hutchinson was banished from the area and moved to Rhode Island. Anne Hutchinson's actions challenged religious beliefs and social order of the Puritans. She likely inspired the first ideas for women rights.

**﻿Different Types of Colonies in America**
 * Royal - Colonies that were ruled by chosen representatives of the monarch; the monarch had complete control over the colony
 * Proprietary - Individually or group owned colonies who had almost complete and absolute rule over colony but still had to pay annual fee to the monarch
 * Chartered - Colonies established by private enterprises after recieving a charter from the monarch; had more control over the colony than England, but not absolute rule; the charter could be repealed by the monarch and become royal ruled
 * Self-governing - Colonies where the people elected the legislature; legislature could make most decisions without notifying the king

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Birth Rate Factors:

 * Sex ratio
 * Desire for male child
 * Religious beliefs
 * Economy
 * Government policy

Death Rate Factors:

 * Advanced weaponry
 * Knowledge of medicine
 * Epidemics
 * Ethnicity (Different ethnic groups are more/less prone to specific diseases)
 * Poverty
 * Wars
 * Natural disasters
 * Food shortages
 * Crime

Social Mobility
Social mobility is how the position of a certain individual or group can change in the social hierarchy. In the American colonies, there were greater opportunities for social mobility rather than in England. Colonists' social status relied on control of a large work force instead of having large amounts of land. In the South, plantation owners had a greater risk of losing profits and moving down in the social hierarchy when their crops went out of demand. Likewise, farmers could grow crops that were in demand, moving up in their social class. Today, there is high chance of social mobility because of the economy. As of recently, the economy has not been doing so well, leading to increased unemployment rates and many people moving down in the social hierarchy. On the other hand, it is also possible for people to move up in their social class as well. Luck and skills play a large role in going up in social class. For example, an individual's innovative ideas may be put to use and put him/her into a higher class.

Social Mobility & Birth/Death Rates
High death rates and low birth rates contribute to less competition and higher chance of social mobility. More people dying and less people being born equate to a lower population and there are not as much people to compete with, therefore social mobility is rare. Low death rates and high birth rates increase compeitition within the social class and may result in lesser chance of social mobility. As there are a higher population within the social hierarchy, there are more people to compete with and as a result, it would be more difficult to move up or down in the social hierarchy. People in higher social class may potentially have lower death rates than those of lower classes because of access to better medical resources.

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Chapter 3 Questions (# 3-6)
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French and Indian War
Map Analysis (p.111):
 * French had almost no land (only part of an island in the Caribbean)
 * Most of North America was split between Spanish and English control
 * Spanish claimed land in Southwest, English claimed land in Northeast
 * Northwest mostly unexplored --> no territorial claims
 * Proclamation of 1763 formed a border around the main British colonies on Atlantic Ocean border
 * no expansion into Indian land past proclamation line but colonists ignored limits

French and Indian War Summary
The French and Indian War was a war between the French and the British in North America from 1754-1763. The war began with the defeat of English Fort Necessity and was mostly handled by the colonists who fought against both the French and their Indian allies. In 1756, the war spread outside the colonies where France allied with Austria and England with Prussia. In 1757, William Pitt was put in control and brought the war completely under British control for the first time. Under Pitt's policies, colonists were forced to fight, British troops took colonists' weapons and colonists were forced to offer shelter. As a result, tensions between the colonists and British rose immensely. Beginning in 1758, Pitt changed his policies by compensating colonists for their supplies and left military recruitment to the colonists, which surprisingly led to increased enlistments. The war turned in favor of the British when poor harvests hit the French in 1756 and they became outnumbered. French forts began to fall and finally in September 1760, the French surrendered in Montreal. The Peace of Paris was signed in 1763 and France surrendered most of their land in North America to Spain and Britain, leaving them with a few small islands in the Caribbean. The French and Indian War helped to greatly expand the British empire in North America.



Declaration of Independence: Wordle
media type="custom" key="7034959" The most repeated words in the Declaration of Independence are states, government, people, and laws. The document was written for the people (colonists), and by the people. The purpose of the declaration was to abolish the British government over the colonies, which they believed to be corrupt and too restrictive. Among some of the most used words, there is the word "right". This shows that the revolution in America resulted greatly because the British government was taking away some basic rights of the colonists, who deserved the same rights as any other British citizen. The word laws is sed often because the laws that were set forth by the British were unfair to the colonists. The word time is included often because the colonists had given the king and Parliament countless chances to agree to a peaceful reconciliation, with the Olive Branch Petition.

Assumptions of Republicanism (p.149)

 * Active citizens, engage in political process
 * "All men are created equal" --> white men
 * Equal opportunities not equal conditions; must work way up social class if born at bottom
 * Many independent property holders
 * No supreme authority; power to the people (Representative Democracy)
 * Meritocracy- people based on talent, skills, ideas

The American assumptions of Republicanism were not achieved because of persistent inequality. In the first place, there was not a large population of property holders; many white men were laboreres and blacks were either slaves or had no rights at all. Many minority groups in America were given limited rights or none at all. American women remained under patriarchal conditions and Native Americans did not have many rights. Even though the assumptions included equal opportunities, the conditions at a person's birth generally remained the same throughout their lifetime with little chance of change. Although the assumptions were wrong, the idea became an influencial part of American society and led other countries to admire/adopt the thoughts of the Americans.

Centralized Powers

 * War: Power to declare war should be given to the states for a vote rather than the national government because the war effects the people.
 * Immigration: The power to regulate immigration should be given to the national goverment because it would be difficult to control for the states if they had different policies for immigration. The national government would have the power to record the population and determine if someone is dangerous or not.
 * Foreign alliances/treaties: Power to create alliances and treaties with foreign nations should be given to the national government. As a whole, the entire nation should decide whether or not to form alliances because if alliances were formed with states, the country would become divided.
 * Taxes: Taxes are today, mostly in the control of states and should remain that way. Certain states have specific needs for higher/lower taxes and should be able to determine how high the taxes need to be to pay for their needs.
 * Education: Policies and guidelines to education should be given to the national government. Therefore, every state would learn the same things and each person would have equal opportunities.