Unit+VII

= Unit VII: Chapters 27-30 =

**Click HERE for Unit VII Documents**
=Chapter 27 Preview=
 * France falls to Germany -> U.S. more inclined to help Allies, protect own nation from invasion
 * America First Committee - oppose w/ Eur. war
 * U.S. tried to maintain neutrality in beginning, sort of like WWI
 * Lend-lease - loan arms to other nations, esp. to help Allies
 * Pearl Harbor - gave U.S. reason to join WWII w/ Allies

“Arsenal of democracy” – term first used by FDR in WWII where U.S. provided weapons to Allies to preserve democracy while other nations did the fighting

=Chapter 27 - Top Ten=
 * 1) __**World War II**__ - (1939-1945) war b/w Axis Powers (led by Hitler and Mussolini) and Allies; began b/c Hitler violated Treaty of Versailles when he began to slowly expand Germany
 * 2) __**Isolationism vs. Internationalism**__ - in the beginning of WWII, U.S. was debating whether or not to stay away from European affairs but had some economic ties to the Allies
 * 3) __**Pearl Harbor Bombing**__ - Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii led to the U.S. entering WWII, as part of the Allies
 * 4) __**Cash-and-Carry**__ - part of Neutrality Acts: warring nations could only buy nonmilitary goods from U.S. and had to carry away with their own ships, later altered to include military goods too
 * 5) **__Lend-Lease__** - an effort to help Britain b/c Britain was basically bankrupt and couldn't pay for goods: warring nations could borrow arms as long as they returned or paid for the weapons after the war
 * 6) **__Kellogg-Briand Pact__** - treaty for preventing war as tool for national policy; no official form of enforcement
 * 7) **__Good Neighbor Policy__** - idea proposed by FDR that U.S. wouldn't interfere with other nations' affairs
 * 8) **__Munich Conference__** - attempt at appeasement to prevent another major war; Hitler was allowed to expand only as far as western Czechoslovakia (later violated agreement)
 * 9) **__Atlantic Charter__** - document of war aims created by Churchill (Britain) and Roosevelt in case U.S. did get involved in WWII
 * 10) **__America First Committee__** - group of anti-war supporters that consisted of influential people

**Practice Essay Questions** 1. Through the help of allies, effective leaders, and strong reason for fighting, the United States was able to win the Revolutionary War.
 * familiar territory
 * french help
 * passionate about cause - independence from Britain
 * effective leaders

2. The extension of slavery into the western territories was met with opposition from many Americans because of the desire to preserve free labor, violation of Missouri Compromise and threat of an unbalanced Congress.
 * ﻿free labor
 * unbalanced congress
 * violated missouri compromise

3. During the Progressive Era, women were the ones who began many reforms in improving working and social conditions

=﻿More Practice Essay Questions= 1. Prior to American involvement in both the First and Second World Wars, the U.S. adopted an official policy of neutrality. Compare the policy and its modifications during the period 1914-1917 to the policy and its modifications during the period 1939-1941. (1982, question 5)  ﻿Although in both World War I and World War II, the United States attempted to maintain neutrality, Americans recognized economic ties to Britain and modified policies to assist the Allies.  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿The modifications of neutrality policies in both World War I and World War II were supportive of the Allies. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. "Vice Presidents who have succeeded to the presidency on the death of the President have been less effective in their conduct of domestic AND foreign policy than the men they replaced." Assess the validity of this statement for any TWO of the following pairs. William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S Truman John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson (1989, question 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. The United States decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a diplomatic measure calculated to intimidate the Soviet Union in the post-Second-World-War era rather than a strictly military measure designed to force Japan's unconditional surrender. Evaluate this statement using the documents and your knowledge of the military and diplomatic history of the years 1939 through 1947. (1988, DBQ)**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿in both wars, more supportive of Allies b/c economic connection to Britain and France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">World War I
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">neutrality in mind and deed according to Wilson
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">wasn't neutral to begin w/ - recognized ties to Britain
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">continued trading w/ Britain despite blockade on Germans
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">World War II
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">neutrality in actions but not everyone had to agree w/ it
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Neutrality Acts
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">attempted to maintain policies for neutrality to all nations in the beginning - cash and carry nonmilitary goods
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">changed to be more of an assistance to British - cash and carry weapons, lend-lease

=﻿World War II Images=

=Chapter 28 - Top Ten=
 * 1) **__Office of Price Administration__** - agency created to enforce Anti-Inflation Act and prevent inflation during WWII; was able to freeze prices, wages, and rents
 * 2) **__National Defense Research Committee__** - created for military research and development during WWII; U.S. government funded $100 million to the committee, much more than previous years combined
 * 3) **__Fair Employment Practices Commission__** - investigated discrimination against blacks in war industries; had limited powers and effectiveness but was a rare success for blacks
 * 4) **__“Code-Talkers”__** - Native Americans who worked in communications b/c the enemy couldn’t understand native language
 * 5) **__War Relocation Authority__** - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">created to isolate Japanese in the U.S. by moving them to internment camps due to suspicion of spying/espionage
 * 6) **__Korematsu v. U.S.__** - Japanese internment declared constitutional but only for "disloyal" citizens (a phrase that was up to interpretation)
 * 7) **__Chinese Exclusion Acts Repealed__** - 1943 Acts repealed to improve relations with China
 * 8) **__Manhattan Project__** - secret scientific/technological project conducted by U.S. govt. which researched/experimented on ways to develop atomic weapon before Germany did; used bombs against Japan, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 * 9) **__D-Day__** - turning point of WWII where Allied forces bombarded Normandy coast with troops and supplies; drove Germany forces away from the area
 * 10) **__Battle of the Bulge__** - Germany<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿ made last attempt to resist Allies (formed bulge in Amer. forces to defend); ended German resistance in west

**The Cold War (1945-1990)**
 * Involved many countries around world, in addition to U.S. and Soviet Union
 * U.S. = capitalism (mixed system - some govt. intervention in economy) + representative democracy
 * some govt. regulations/laws/rules/taxes
 * Soviet Union = communism + dictatorship
 * communism = classless society, centralised economy -> mostly controlled by govt.
 * Stalin
 * industrialized Soviet Union
 * gained nearly absolute power over party
 * executed opposers/ sent to labor camps
 * targeted particular ethnic groups who were deemed possibly unloyal
 * govt. control of major industries

=As of the end of the Korean War (1953), who was winning the Cold War?=
 * Soviet Union seemed like it was winning
 * Even though U.S. tried to "liberate" North Korea of communism, Soviet pushed UN back to S. Korea
 * Chiang's pro-Western govt. had been kicked out by communist forces
 * helped N. Korea push back UN forces
 * Red Scare in U.S. - fear of communism; hysteria

**Brief Timeline of Chapter 29 - Beginning of Cold War**
 * 1945 FDR died --> Truman becomes Pres.
 * 1946 Republicans gained control of Congress (both houses)
 * 1947 Truman (Dem.) ordered loyalty checks on all govt. employees – FBI
 * wanted to prove Democrats were tough on communism
 * 1948 Truman elected president
 * 1950 McCarthy enters – communist accusations about espionage – anti-communist hysteria
 * Korean War begins (1950-1953)
 * U.S. didn’t declare war on Korea – sent troops through UN
 * 1952 Eisenhower (Repub.) elected president

**Chapter 29 - Top Ten**
 * 1) **__Korean War__** ** – 1950-1953 war between communism and pro-western forces; formed the 38th Parallel b/w N. Korea and S. Korea that still exists today; stalemate was reached for a long time because U.S. didn’t want to start world war w/ China who had recently joined **
 * 2) ** __Containment__** **-** new approach towards postwar reconstruction; U.S. would work to keep communism within its current boundaries
 * 3) ** __McCarthyism__**  **-** anticommunist hysteria that resulted from Joseph McCarthy’s bold accusation of 205 known communists in govt.; even though there was very few evidence, still gained support; was used as political tool against Democrats
 * 4) **__Truman Doctrine__** ** – Truman used $400 mill. to assist Greece and Turkey against communist forces; helped inspire Marshall Plan (plan to help Europe economically recover to contain communism **
 * 5) __ **NATO** __ **-** 1949 alliance b/w nations that would work to defend against possibility of Soviet invasion à Soviet created own alliance of communist govt. in E. Europe through Warsaw Pact
 * 6) **__ McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) __ - 1950 all communist organizations had to register w/ govt. and publish their records **
 * 7) **__ Berlin Airlift __ - Soviet blockade on western Berlin (combination of U.S., Brit., and France sections) Truman used airlift to supply city w/ supplies to maintain opposition against communism **
 * 8) **__Yalta__** Peace Conferenc__**e**__ – meeting b/w Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill where they discussed postwar actions; they agreed on many issues but left others unsolved; United Nations was formed
 * 9) __**Fair Deal**__ - Truman's economic plan that called for the expansion of SS benefits, raise min. wage, national health insurance, etc. was initially rejected by conservative Congress
 * 10) __**National Security Act (1947)**__ - reshaped U.S. military and diplomatic institutions; Department of Defense was created to oversee all branches of armed services, NSC created to oversee foreign/military policy, CIA created to collect info

**The Korean War**

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=Background Info for U.S. Expansionism DBQ (//see Unit VII Documents page)//=
 * Developments in transportation helped Americans migrate in more quick and efficient manner - railroads
 * Prospect for natural resources
 * Manifest Destiny - belief that God gave Americans right to expand in entire continent
 * Realization that the western part of North AKTmerica wasn't actually entirely desert and uninhabited
 * Desire for larger/more foreign markets
 * Gold Rush - miners headed toward west in hopes of quickly becoming rich
 * Louisiana Purchase

**Truman's Presidency (1945-1953) - Video**
=Eisenhower's Presidency (1953-1961) - Video=
 * Became president 3 months in vice-presidency b/c FDR died in 4th term
 * Low confidence for reelection but surprisingly won
 * Thomas Dewey vs. Truman
 * Blunt, confident leader
 * Created policy of //"containing"// communism
 * NATO
 * Truman Doctrine
 * Marshall Plan - economic reconstruction of Europe to fight communism
 * Civil rights supporter
 * ended segregation in armed forces
 * lost southern democratic votes
 * Korean War (1950-1953)
 * Lost China to communism
 * Vietnam War
 * French colony (Vietnam) fight for freedom
 * Truman supported French b/c leader was communist and France asked for support
 * Ended presidency w/ all-time low in popularity
 * but as time goes on = gain popularity for actions he took overall
 * Extremely popular
 * Was unsure of which party to go w/ for elections but in the end stood w/ Republicans
 * Reluctant president candidate
 * Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
 * banned segregation in schools
 * disagreed w/ decision b/c of all the controversy that resulted
 * 1954 Vietnam was temporarily split in half
 * Supported south b/c anti-communist
 * Helped financially
 * 1956 = reelection
 * Fidel Castro = communism in Cuba
 * increasing communism around world = fear in U.S. of losing Cold War
 * Despite military past, wanted to maintain peace
 * wanted to keep stability and avoid controversial conflicts
 * brought Korean War to and end -> formed armistice
 * Spend more govt. money on social life
 * downsize military
 * spend more on social life
 * publics works project
 * federal highway act