Unit+VIII

= Unit VIII : Chapters 31 - 33  =

Click HERE for Unit VIII Documents
=Four Main Areas of Govt. Spending=
 * 1) Defense
 * 2) Medicare
 * 3) Medicaid
 * 4) Social Security

=John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) - Video= =Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) - Video=
 * Democrat
 * Bay of Pigs invasion against Cuban communism = failure -> took full responsibility
 * Cuban missile project - soviet union accused of pointing missiles in Cuba towards U.S.
 * Peak of Cold War
 * Reached agreement
 * 1963 approved assassination of Vietnam leader
 * 1963 assassinated
 * Known for improving society by helping others
 * Democrat
 * Sworn into presidency after JFK's assassination
 * Famous for way of persuasion through intimidation
 * Voting Rights Act
 * Medicaid/Medicare
 * Food stamps
 * "Great Society" - Johnson's plans for expanding liberal state, federal aid
 * Vietnam War was large part of presidency - became his responsibility and legacy
 * Seen as great president in domestic affairs but failure in foreign affairs

=Vietnam War in Indochina - Map (p.839)=
 * Vietnam = long coastline/long terr. but small area
 * many U.S. bases (also some in Thailand)
 * bordered by Laos, Cambodia, and China
 * Ho Chi Minh Trail passes through Laos into South Vietnam
 * 1970 U.S. invaded Cambodia

=Vietnam War - Timeline=
 * **1941 Creation of Vietminh **
 * Communist group led by Ho Chi Minh
 * 1945 declared Vietnam independent nation with communist government under Ho
 * **1949 French Govt. in Vietnam **
 * French established separate government under Bao Dai à basically left ultimate power to French
 * **1950** **Recognition of Bao Dai's Government**
 * Truman administration formally recognized French government and assisted it through direct military/financial aid
 * **1950-1954 First Indochina War **
 * War between French and Vietminh forces
 * 1954, May 7 Dien Bien Phu
 * Ended the First Indochina War - the French were defeated by Vietminh forces and abandoned their commitment to the Vietnam issue
 * U.S. stepped in and gained influence in South Vietnam
 * **1954, July Geneva Conference **
 * Vietnam temporarily split along 17th parallel; Vietminh controlled North, pro-Western in South
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Planned to reunite country through 1956 elections
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">French completely left Vietnam while U.S. increased influence in new southern govt. under Ngo Dinh Diem
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">**1959** **National Liberation Front** [[image:http://www.quandoan1.org.vn/Uploads/tulieuanh/u13/image/Hoc_tap_Lam_theo_loi_Bac/20070516_HoChiMinh.jpg width="180" height="238" align="right" caption="Ho Chi Minh was a powerful communist leader in North Vietnam."]]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Created by Vietminh supporters in South who worked to destabilize Diem’s government through military actions
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1960-1975 Second Indochina War
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1968, January 31 Tet Offensive **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Communist forces attacked U.S. forces in South Vietnam -> several cities fell to communists; in the end, U.S. won militarily but was devastating for Johnson’s popularity back in the U.S.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1970 <span style="color: #db2929; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Pro-Western Government in Cambodia **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pro-western govt. under General Lon Nol was created in Cambodia
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1972 Easter Offensive **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Vietminh forces invaded South Vietnam but was stopped by American and South Vietnam forces
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1972, December 19-30** **“Christmas Bombing”**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Heavy American bombing on major North Vietnamese targets
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1973, January 27 Paris Accords **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Peace agreement was made for Vietnam War:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Immediate cease-fire
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thieu govt. could stay but N. Viet. forces in s. would stay
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1975 April Defeat of Saigon **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Saigon captured by North Vietnamese forces and began reuniting country under Hanoi (Communist)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Cambodia govt. fell into communist hands too - genocide

=Chapter 32 - The Crisis of Authority=
 * Rebel against authoritive figures
 * Political officials, social leaders, military
 * Challenge traditional opinion
 * Richard Nixon was president at the time
 * Watergate Scandal
 * Only president to ever resign - avoid impeachment
 * The New Left - Americans that were critical of society/politics
 * Student riots
 * Rise of rock 'n' roll
 * Hippies - challenge traditional cultural lifestyle
 * Use of drugs, change in clothing
 * Native Americans - expressed grievances b/c discrimination in society
 * Indian Civil Rights Movement -> Indian Civil Rights Act
 * Latino Activism
 * Gay Liberation
 * Stonewall Riot
 * AIDS epidemic

=The New Left= Main Idea: Consisted of new, assertive youth population who challenged the existing political structure. changing status quo for more equality, freedom, opportunities, rights, liberals
 * Few were communists -> mostly Marxists
 * More aware of discrimination - questioned traditional values
 * Student riots
 * People's Park - violent struggle b/w students and police over construction of park rather than parking garage
 * Free Speech Movement - students challenged campus policies through strikes and protests in order to express discontent of society that university symbolized; originally wanted to be able to recruit people for political causes on campus
 * Students for a Democratic Society - group of students who wanted to create new system of politics
 * Anti-war supporters

=The Counterculture= Main Idea: The new youth of America rejected conformity in society, creating a rebellious image of teenagers.
 * Hippies - long, shabby hair, flashy clothing, used drugs (marijuana, hallucinogens), drank beer
 * Rock 'n' Roll - new type of music; songs related to sex and drugs
 * Increase in teenage sex - express sexual pleasures

=Topic Outline Parts Related to Unit VIII= 24: The 1950s a) Emergence of the modern civil rights movement b) The affluent society and "the other America" c) Consensus and conformity: suburbia and middle-class America d) Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels e) Impact of changes in science, technology, and medicine

__Since 1960__ 25: The Turbulent 1960s a) From the New Frontier to the Great Society b) Expanding movements for civil rights c) Cold War confrontations: Asia, Latin America, and Europe d) Beginning of Détente e) The antiwar movement and the counterculture

26: Politics and Economics at the End of the Twentieth Century a) The election of 1968 and the "Silent Majority" b) Nixon's challenges: Vietnam, China, Watergate c) Changes in the American economy: the energy crisis, deindustrialization, and the service economy d) The New Right and the Reagan revolution e) End of the Cold War

27: Society and Culture at the End of the Twentieth Century a) Demographic changes: surge of immigration after 1965, Sunbelt migration, and the graying of America b) Revolutions in biotechnology, mass communication, and computers c) Politics in a multicultural society

28: The United States in the Post-Cold War World a) Globalization and the American economy b) Unilateralism vs. multilateralism in foreign policy c) Domestic and foreign terrorism d) Environmental issues in a global context

=Women's Rights and Liberation=
 * Suffrage
 * Educational opportunities
 * Professional opportunities
 * Workplace discrimination
 * less pay than men - "equal pay for equal work"
 * Abortion rights
 * Political opportunities
 * Economical opportunities
 * Property rights, inheritance, loans
 * Divorce - alimony, prenuptial
 * Domestic violence/ sexual abuse
 * "Cult of domesticity"
 * Expectations of mothers/wives
 * Military service - opportunities
 * Home front issues during war time

=Changes in 1960s-1970s for Women=
 * Feminine Mystique - fighting conformity -> comfortable suburban life but limited opportunities
 * Abortion rights
 * Feminist organizations - NOW
 * Equal Pay Act
 * Amendment of Tital VII to Civil Rights Act - extension of rights to women
 * Commission on the Status of Women - brought attention to feminist goals
 * Political Success - Ruth B. Ginsburg elected vice presidential candidate for Dem Party
 * Denounce importance of marital status - avoided adopting husband's name

__**Feminism**__ - movement for supporting the equal rights/opportunities of women __**Women's Liberation**__ - freedom from constraints of expectations of women in male-dominated society; freedom of choice and to be independent

//Roe// v. //Wade// - right to privacy -> abortion legal for 1st trimester - abortion after 1st trimester would put mother at risk -> responsibility of state

Abortion Issue Today:
__//Pro-life//__ - once egg is fertilized, life is created -> need trial for abortion at any time (unless mother's life at stake) //__Pro-choice__// - women's choice of abortion or not

=Chapter 32 - Top Ten=
 * 1) New Left
 * 2) Hippies
 * 3) Counterculture
 * 4) American Indian Movement
 * 5) The Feminine Mystique
 * 6) Roe v. Wade
 * 7) Fall of Saigon
 * 8) Baker v. Carr
 * 9) Deindustrialization
 * 10) Watergate - U.S. v. Richard Nixon

=Richard Nixon (1969-1974) - Video=
 * Spoils system
 * "obsessed with power"
 * secret bombings on cambodia
 * Triangular diplomacy
 * diplomatic relations w/ china
 * secretly agreed w/ south vietnam to bomb north if needed
 * watergate scandal
 * august 9th resigned
 * only president to resign

=Gerald Ford (1974-1977) - Video=
 * Republican
 * President after Nixon resignation
 * Pardoned Nixon after Watergate
 * 1975 Fall of Saigon after Congress refused to help south vietnam

=Chapter 33=

Domestic Affairs

 * Watergate Scandal - Nixon was pardoned by Gerald Ford
 * Carter raised interest rates by more than 20% to stop inflation and lower national deficit
 * New Right - neo-conservatives, populists, elites
 * Sagebrush Rebellion - complaints about new environmental laws, wanted govt. to open up lands for development
 * Rising national debt/deficit
 * Gerald Ford -> Jimmy Carter -> Ronald Reagan -> George H.W. Bush
 * "Reganomics" - reduce taxes and deregulation cut federal spending, resolved economic recession but had caused it -> increased national deficit
 * welfare benefits cuts resulted from national deficit

International Affairs

 * Iranian Revolution
 * Camp David Accords
 * End of Cold War
 * Collapse of communist government in Soviet Union
 * Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - defense mechanism using lasers and satellites
 * Reagan Doctrine - increased American activism against communism, especially with Third World countries
 * First Gulf War
 * Salt II - agreement not use force to resolve differences

=Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)=
 * Entered presidency with extremely popular but scandals led to less popularity
 * Iran Contra affar - claimed ignorance to providing weaponry
 * Reganomics led to economic boom (1980s) then bust (1990s)
 * Tax cuts - income, corporate
 * Cuts in welfare benefits
 * believed to slow growth in economy - more money for investors = business growth = new jobs/ higher wages
 * National deficit rised
 * Deregulation - decrease government intervention in businesses to increase economic growth
 * "Supply-side" economics - focus on businesses improving
 * "Trickle-down" economics - favoring supply side will improve other classes, everyone benefits
 * SDI lowered Soviet confidence in space competition
 * Credited by many for the end of Cold War and fall of Berlin Wall
 * Some claim he was just there at the right time