Unit+VI

= Unit VI: Chapters 23-26 =

Click HERE for Unit VI Documents
=U.S. Steps to Joining World War I=
 * 1914 Wilson declared neutrality[[image:https://wikispaces.psu.edu/download/attachments/53319683/Lusitania.jpg width="320" height="221" align="right" caption="On May 7, 1915 a German submarine sank the Lusitania, killing 128 Americans."]]
 * 1915 U.S. continued to trade with Britain despite war with Germany because needed trade with Britain for economic reasons
 * May 7, 1915 German submarine sank //Lusitania// which carried U.S. passengers to Britain - raised tensions between U.S. and Germany; unrestricted submarine warfare
 * 1915 Wilson proposed increasing American military to prepare for war
 * Election of 1916 - Wilson won reelection and supported entering war and justified support through convincing Americans that they could help reform the world after
 * February 25, 1917 Zimmermann Telegram - Germany sent telegram to Mexico, asking it to side with Germany against U.S. and in return would receive land they had lost before to the U.S.
 * March 1917 Russia changed to becoming republican government from a tyrannical monarchy, U.S. was more comfortable at joining the Alliance as a democratic (which should have been against Russia's government)
 * 1918 Russia withdrew from the World War because of a revolution
 * April 6, 1917 U.S. declared war against Germany - entered World War I as part of the Allies

=Post-World War I America - 1919-1921=
 * Economic bust from overproduction – temporary post-war recession
 * Blacks gained more desire for equal rights
 * Larger population of blacks in major cities, like Chicago - tensions between blacks and whites increased
 * violent race riots occurred where many blacks actually retaliated against the white mobs
 * Women gained many rights during war such as taking men’s jobs while men were at war and went into military themselves
 * After war, women lost many of the new jobs they had acquired - women probably increased desire for equal rights due to their experience during the war
 * Intense antiradicalism as a result of radical actions
 * Social unrest
 * Marx - class-less society
 * Communism
 * Red Scare - mobs of anti-radicals attacked/killed supposed radicals
 * Palmer Raids - attempt at uncovering large amounts of hidden weaponry but only ended up finding a few pistols and deported hundreds of non-citizens

**Chapter 23 - Top Ten**
 * 1) **__World War I__** - known as the "Great War"; the most powerful nations in the world were all involved mainly as a result of existing alliances and hostilities, created an economic boom in the U.S. followed by a temporary recession
 * 2) **__Fourteen Points__** - post-WWI peace plan proposed by Wilson: post-war boundaries, freedom o[[image:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_DhwcCqGFPe4/TGiJtDi5bLI/AAAAAAAAADg/G5RN8seUtlo/s1600/ELT200710042259166875301.JPG width="204" height="243" align="right" caption="The steelworkers' strike in 1919 was believed to be started by radicals, which increased support for antiradicalism"]]f seas, open treaties, reduction of arms, free trade, impartial mediation of colonial claims, league of nations; although many were defeated by the Allies, others were included in the Treaty of Versailles
 * 3) **__League of Nations__** - idea proposed by Wilson that created an national organization designed to solve international issues and prevent future wars
 * 4) **__Red Scare__** - period of time in late 1910s - 1920s where mobs of anti-radicals attacked/killed supposed radicals
 * 5) **__War Boards__** - planning bodies created for supervising specific parts of the economy which generally succeeded in meeting war needs without damaging the economy overall
 * 6) **__War Industries Board__** - one of the most powerful war boards during WWI, headed by Bernard Baruch who dramatically expanded its powers, created an alliance between private and public sectors
 * 7) **__Great Migration__** - period of time during WWI where large groups of African Americans moved from the South to the North in order to escape violence caused by racism, poverty, and debt; led to large black communities which then led to violent race riots on behalf of whites
 * 8) __**New Black Attitudes**__ - after WWI, blacks had believed they deserved equal rights as a result of their effort during the war but ended up not receiving any of their expected results, which increased their determination for fighting for equal rights; they were also encouraged by the NAACP to fight back against the whites instead of enduring their racist actions
 * 9) __**Espionage, Sabotage, Sedition Acts**__ - series of laws which were passed in order to decrease public opposition to the war, president, and government during WWI
 * 10) __**Palmer Raids**__ - series of raids on supposed radical centers in order to uncover hidden supplies of weapons/explosives, ended up only finding a few pistols but resulted in arresting thousands of people and deporting hundreds of non-citizens

="The New Era" (The Roaring 20s) Chapter 24 - Preview=
 * Affluence - wealth and prosperity
 * Conservatism - preferred traditional ways
 * Cultural frivolity - leisure, consumerism, socializing, entertainment
 * Lots of contrast - tension between conservatism and experimentation (change)
 * Economic boom after war
 * Technological advancements - computers, radio
 * The "American Plan" - open shops were supported to destroy unions
 * Growing consumerism - new household appliances that made housework easier, improved advertising
 * Public leisure - vacations w/ automobiles, away from cities/urban life
 * "Flapper" - modern woman with a liberated lifestyle, more expressive in clothes, makeup, behavior

=The Decline of the "Self-Made Man"=
 * "self-made man" - anyone could become successful and rich as through hard work/luck
 * the emphasis on professionalism made education and training more important
 * one had to be educated and recieve professional training in order to be successful
 * main expectation was finishing high school

=The Cinema (p.649)=
 * United States dominated film production from the start
 * other cultures influenced American filming - Bollywood, Hong Kong (martial-arts films), British, independent films (inspired by multiple other nations)
 * filming, acting, and marketing expanded internationally - major American export
 * provided image of America through films, spread culture[[image:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_psEWmIUZ79g/S-rZY-EzAPI/AAAAAAAABBI/kWT2sOvJZIE/s1600/Albert+Kerseys+Solo+Band.JPG width="320" height="197" align="right" caption="Jazz music became extremely popular in the 1920s-1930s because it created an festive atmosphere."]]

=Dance Halls (p.652-653)=
 * Change in urban lifestyles
 * Dance craze in 1920s-1930s
 * introduction of jazz music - improvisation, fast paced, exciting/festive atmosphere
 * popular among young couples
 * the young working class was able to relax in the evenings
 * dance halls became places to show off new clothes and hairstyles - consumerism, fashion, individuality
 * Some less popular dance halls were places where drugs were sold, as well as prostitution
 * Cities had to pass regulation laws (Taxi halls)
 * escaped traditional values
 * segregated by race

=Herbert Hoover=
 * won presidential election of 1928
 * country in prosperity
 * originally Commerce secretary 1920s - economics, trade
 * experienced in economics
 * voluntary associationalism
 * industries communicate with each other to share info, introduce new efficient methods
 * supported laissez-faire capitalism - limited govt. interference in economy

=Chapter 24 - Top Ten=
 * 1) **__The “Fl__****__apper"__** - new image of modern woman who lived a liberated lifestyle (new styles in clothes, hair, speech, and behavior); the new sense of independence was mostly a myth because women still relied on men in many situations
 * 2) **__Sheppard-Towner Act (1921)__** - states were given federal funds for prenatal and childcare programs; earned widespread opposition because it supported the false theory that all women were mothers/wives, discouraged birth control, and would introduce amateurs into the medical profession; in 1929, the programs were ended
 * 3) **__"Lost Generation__****__”__** - the new generation of young Americans had a negative view of society because of limited self-fulfillment, consumerism, and materialism; decided to isolate themselves from society rather than attempt reform
 * 4) **__Harlem Renaissance__** - Harlem, NY became dominated by African Americans and their flourishing culture; demonstrated African American pride in their heritage and their desire for respect from whites
 * 5) **__National Origins Act of 1924__** - greatly limited immigration to the U.S. due to increased nativism (immigration became closely associated with radicalism)
 * 6) **__Scopes Monkey Trial__** - Scopes was arrested for violating law of teaching version of creation of man that was different from the Bible; showed religion was up to interpretation, mainly conflict between modernists and fundamentalists; in the end, the trial decreased the power and strength of fundamentalists
 * 7) **__Herbert Hoover__** - Secretary of Commerce and later president in 1928; encouraged concept of “associationalism” where national business organizations were created in certain industries in order to allow industries to better organize themselves
 * 8) **__Andrew Mellon__** - Secretary of Treasury who helped cut many taxes in half, as well as the World War I debt
 * 9) __**Welfare Capitalism**__ - techniques were used by employers to avoid disruption in labor and decrease trade unions; although brought benefits, it wasn’t effective because company unions never brought up the most important issues and workers only got minimal raises compared to profits from production; by 1929 system collapsed
 * 10) **__American Plan__** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- corporations promoted open shops in order to decrease unionism; along with govt. assistance, union membership declined by 2 million from 1920-1929

=Causes of the Great Depression= =How do you escape/prevent an economic depression/recession?= =What can the government do?=
 * overproduction and overexpansion - more supply than demand
 * decline in exports - low demand for American goods
 * too much borrowing, esp. from farmers who couldn't pay back debts
 * shaky banking systems - making risky loans/investments, unregulated
 * global debt from WWI - loans from Eur. countries weren't being paid back
 * economy was dependent on certain industries -> automobiles and construction
 * small portion of wealthy Americans had most of the money, workers were recieving minimal pay - maldistribution of wealth
 * overspeculation in stocks
 * stock market crash 1929
 * banks failed
 * unemployment
 * less money flow: unemployment = poor people = can't buy goods = less need for production = more unemployment
 * consumer spending increase - find markets for overproduced goods -> cash flow
 * creation of new jobs
 * "healthy" loans that are paid back
 * regulate banking systems - ex: setting small percentage of assets for loans
 * ensure banking deposits to a certain amount - FDIC
 * create new jobs
 * offer financial aid to unemployed
 * invest in different industries
 * reduce taxes

=Hoover's Attempts to Fight the Depression=
 * Reconstruction Finance Corporation - federal agency created in order to make government loans to businesses, railroads, etc. -> created jobs
 * only loaned money to major businesses and limited public works projects (ones that would have the ability to pay back loans); didn't use all the money it could've
 * Voluntarism - encouraged employers not to lay off workers and in return employees were to stop demanding higher wages and better wages
 * due to economic conditions, eventually collapsed
 * Agricultural Marketing Act - helped farmers maintain prices by raising agricultural taxes and government purchase of surpluses (keep prices up)
 * Increase government spending, esp. on public works projects -> created jobs; wasn't enough to fight economic crisis
 * Hawley-Smoot Tariff - protected American farm products; increase sale of domestic products by decreasing outside competition
 * Foreign nations responded by placing tariffs of their own -> decreased American exports


 * //Hoover's chances for reelection were considerably low as a result of the Farmer's Holiday, Bonus Army, and the emergence of Franklin D. Roosevelt.//**

=Hoover's Presidency (video)=
 * self-made man: orphan -> entrepreneur -> millionaire
 * Hoover's name became used to describe the crisis
 * Hoover Hotel = cardboard shack
 * Hooverville = city of cardboard shacks
 * Hooverflag = inside out pocket that was empty

=Chapter 25 - Top Ten=
 * 1) **__"Black Tuesday"__** - On October 29, 1929 the stock market crashed, which became a large factor in creating the Great Depression.
 * 2) **__Lack of Diversification__** - the economy relied on only a few industries (automobiles/construction) and when those industries suffered economically, so did the U.S. during the Depression
 * 3) **__Maldistribution of Wealth__** - consumerism was greatly reduced due to the fact that most of the money was in the hands of the few wealthy
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)__** - raise crop prices by loaning money to national marketing cooperatives for purchase of surpluses
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)__** - loaned banks to large businesses, public projects, and relief programs
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **__Bonus Army__** - protests by WWI veterans to recieve bonuses early, wasn't approved by Hoover and increased his unpopularity
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__Franklin D. Roosevelt__** - won against Hoover in election of 1932, created New Deal to help combat Great Depression
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__The "Interregnum"__** - period of time between the election and inauguration where there was a banking crisis but Roosevelt did not publicly react to the issue
 * 9) **__"Dust Bowl"__** - large area in the South experienced an extreme drought which ruined fertile land and killed livestock; many farmers became unemployed
 * 10) **__Voluntarism__** - Hoover's proposal to increase production and decrease unemployment; ultimately failed at the emergence of the Depression

**The Great Depression**

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**The New Deal**

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=Legacies of the New Deal=
 * still existing programs - ex: social security, FDIC
 * expanded fed. govt.'s role in American economy/society
 * increased expectations in govt.
 * interest groups became a challenging force to corporations
 * projects build/created with civil works programs still exist
 * electoral realignment, growing electoral support for Democrats -> dominated presidency for almost 50 years

=Chapter 26 - Top Ten=
 * 1) **__Emergency Banking Act__** - created four day "banking holiday"; reorganized/inspected and provided federal assistance to banks before reopening
 * 2) **__Social Security Act__** - provided insurance for women, children, elderly, and unemployed; monthly federal assistance was given to retired Americans, employers paid for temporary assistance for unemployed; at first limited to specific people but expanded further in the future
 * 3) **__Works Progress Administration__** - created more jobs for unemployed and had the largest budget compared to other programs, provided jobs for additional occupations (artists, musicians, writers)
 * 4) **__Industrial Unionism__** - form of labor organization that created unions based on industry
 * 5) **__Agricultural Adjustment Act__** - attempted to reduce crop production in order to raise farm prices; declared unconstitutional because govt. couldn't force farmers to limit production
 * 6) **__National Industrial Recovery Act__** - loosened anti-trust laws in order to stabilize industrial prices, corporations had to recognize unions' rights of collective bargaining; poorly written codes and lack of enforcement (declared unconstitutional b/c president didn't have the powers to draft codes)
 * 7) **__Roosevelt’s Recession__** - 1937 recession caused by FDR's sudden decision to decrease govt. spending, demonstrated importance of spending in recovery
 * 8) **__“Broker State”__** - New Deal made possible competition of interest groups with federal regulation and assistance
 * 9) **__Glass-Steagall Act__** - gave govt. authority over regulating bank speculations, established Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure bank deposits up to $2,500 in order to restore public confidence
 * 10) **__Civil Works Administration__** - gave millions of people temporary jobs and put money into the economy